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TIME: Almanac 1993
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TIME Almanac 1993.iso
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022789
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1992-09-23
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BEHAVIOR, Page 74Time Is Not on Their Side
Fresh insights into why many poor children do badly in school
For a child in kindergarten, the day is carefully divided
into time for listening, playing, coloring, snacking and
napping. Middle-class children, raised by parents who worship
their watches, adapt easily to this regimen. But for many
disadvantaged inner-city youngsters, the structure of the
school day apparently seems totally unfamiliar. They often
resist the idea that they should stop doing one thing simply
because it is time to do something else.
Why are many children of the urban poor so uncomfortable in
school? One explanation comes from University of Chicago
Professor Dolores Norton, who is conducting a unique study of
the intellectual development of children in poor families. Her
conclusion: growing up in an unstructured home environment, they
do not develop a sense of time that enables them to adapt well
to school. "When they come to school, these children enter a
world that was not created for them," says Norton, who teaches
at the university's School of Social Service Administration.
"Imagine yourself in a classroom with adults who speak your
language, yet you are unable to interpret what they want you to
do, even though you wish to please them." Not understanding the
meaning of time, she asserts, is a handicap that may partly
account for the poor academic performance of many inner-city
children throughout their school careers.
Norton's insights come from first-hand research. For the
past six years, she has been regularly videotaping, from
infancy, about 40 children born to young mothers living in the
most blighted, impoverished pockets of Chicago. She lets her
camera roll for up to four hours at a time, capturing the
ordinary rhythms and interactions of a child's life at home.
Reviewing thousands of hours of tapes, Norton found that
references to time were rare. Most parents hardly ever provided
instructions like "Finish lunch so you can see your favorite TV
program at 1:30," or even sequential statements like "First put
on your socks, then your shoes." Daily routines, such as Daddy
or Mommy leaving for work and regular times for bed and meals,
are usually nonexistent in these cramped, dangerous quarters
where even the most conscientious mothers have trouble keeping
food in the cupboard and steering clear of gang violence.
Children from these homes may be able to read a clock, but
that does not mean they understand time. Norton found that most
of her young subjects scored lower than average on seriation
tests, which measured their abilities to understand sequences of
events. The less a mother had talked to her child about time
over the years, the worse the youngster performed on the tests.
Other child-development experts concur with Norton's
findings. Many poor children, they note, are mystified by the
"time-slotted" school environment, where crayons are often
taken away before the picture is finished because it is juice
time. Says clinical psychologist Jeree Pawl, director of the
Infant-Parent Program at San Francisco General Hospital: "The
structured situation makes them feel powerless. It feels
arbitrary, senseless and imposed because at home there is no
predictability and rigidity." Confused youngsters may withdraw
or rebel, prompting some teachers to peg these children as
troublemakers or slow learners.
J. Ronald Lally, a San Francisco educational psychologist,
recalls his own experiment in teaching concepts of time to
low-income children in a Syracuse pre-school center. "There was
too much attention to time in the curriculum," says Lally, and
this pitted students against teachers in a power struggle. He
replaced this rigid format with a flexible curriculum in which
children could set their own agendas, while teachers gradually
and gently introduced concepts of time. Notes Lally: "The kids
learned about time, but it wasn't connected to discipline."
Norton thinks classrooms like the one in Syracuse can teach
youngsters about time and thus enhance self-discipline and turn
their attention to learning. The question is whether even an
ideal school can reverse the damage done by the isolated,
timeless world into which most poor children are born.